L'hospitalité constitue un principe fondamental dans de nombreuses croyances africaines, où elle est perçue non seulement comme un devoir moral envers l’étranger, mais aussi comme une expression sacrée de respect, de solidarité et d’appartenance communautaire.
Avant l’ère coloniale, l’hospitalité constituait l’un des fondements majeurs de l’organisation sociale dans de nombreuses sociétés africaines. En particulier dans les zones rurales, le village ne se résumait pas à un espace de vie communautaire : il était aussi un lieu d’accueil, parfois improvisé, pour les voyageurs, commerçants, étrangers ou expéditions de passage.
Quel est le rôle des jeunes filles dans les rituels d’hospitalité ?
Lorsqu’un groupe s’approchait d’un village, les usages locaux déterminaient la manière dont il serait reçu. Quel est le rôle des jeunes filles dans les rituels d’hospitalité ? Elles sortaient à la rencontre des visiteurs, portaient des calebasses d’eau fraîche et exécutaient des gestes codifiés de respect et d’élégance pour exprimer la bienvenue.
L'hospitalité du chef du village
Ce premier contact laissait place à une réception plus formelle. Le chef du village, accompagné de notables et d’anciens, venait saluer le chef du groupe étranger, souvent porteur de dons symboliques : œufs, laitage, volailles ou bétail.
Le chef du village, suivi de sa délégation, déposait ces présents aux pieds de l’hôte, dans un geste de générosité rituelle. Si le troupeau avait été épargné, des moutons, voire un ou plusieurs taureaux à la robe noire brillante, étaient offerts solennellement, en fonction de la richesse locale.
Lorsque c’était possible, un toit de chaume parmi les mieux entretenus était détaché de son support et déplacé par les villageois pour servir d’abri temporaire aux visiteurs. Porté d’une seule pièce, il permettait de créer rapidement un espace de repos improvisé.
La cérémonie d’accueil se prolongeait par un moment d’échanges oratoires. Salutations, formules codifiées et reconnaissance mutuelle rythmaient ce dialogue de bienvenue. En retour, les étrangers présentaient leurs propres présents.
Comment les griots participaient-ils à l’accueil des étrangers ?
L’hospitalité se concluait souvent par une fête communautaire. Comment les griots participaient-ils à l’accueil des étrangers ? Ils accompagnaient les festivités par des chants élogieux et des récits, mettant en valeur l’histoire du village et la grandeur de l’hôte, tandis que tam-tams et danses collectives rythmaient ce moment de cohésion sociale.
Un tam-tam auquel tout le village prend part est organisé en l'honneur des étrangers. Source : Côte occidentale d'Afrique (Fig. en double pp.20-21).
Les manifestations contraires à l’hospitalité
Toutefois, cette hospitalité n’était pas systématique. Certains villages, notamment dans les régions où les populations avaient été confrontées à des abus, des pillages ou des tensions politiques, choisissaient de fuir à l’approche d’étrangers. Dans ces cas, les maisons étaient désertées, les animaux emmenés, et seuls quelques individus étaient laissés sur place, parfois contraints de recevoir les visiteurs avec froideur.
Conclusion
Ainsi, l’hospitalité africaine avant la colonisation était une pratique codifiée, riche en symboles, mais aussi sensible aux contextes politiques et historiques.
Bibliographie
- Henri-Nicolas Frey, Côte occidentale d'Afrique : vues, scènes, croquis ; [... ill. de] Bretegnier, Darondeau, Fernando... Marpon et Flammarion (Paris).
Vidéo YouTube
Pour en savoir plus sur l'hospitalité en Afrique, merci de consulter la page d'accueil consacrée à cette thématique
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