L'hospitalité constitue un principe fondamental dans de nombreuses croyances africaines, où elle est perçue non seulement comme un devoir moral envers l’étranger, mais aussi comme une expression sacrée de respect, de solidarité et d’appartenance communautaire.
Avant l’ère coloniale, l’hospitalité constituait l’un des fondements majeurs de l’organisation sociale dans de nombreuses sociétés africaines. En particulier dans les zones rurales, le village ne se résumait pas à un espace de vie communautaire : il était aussi un lieu d’accueil, parfois improvisé, pour les voyageurs, commerçants, étrangers ou expéditions de passage.
Quel est le rôle des jeunes filles dans les rituels d’hospitalité ?
Lorsqu’un groupe s’approchait d’un village, les usages locaux déterminaient la manière dont il serait reçu. Quel est le rôle des jeunes filles dans les rituels d’hospitalité ? Elles sortaient à la rencontre des visiteurs, portaient des calebasses d’eau fraîche et exécutaient des gestes codifiés de respect et d’élégance pour exprimer la bienvenue.
L'hospitalité du chef du village
Ce premier contact laissait place à une réception plus formelle. Le chef du village, accompagné de notables et d’anciens, venait saluer le chef du groupe étranger, souvent porteur de dons symboliques : œufs, laitage, volailles ou bétail.
Le chef du village, suivi de sa délégation, déposait ces présents aux pieds de l’hôte, dans un geste de générosité rituelle. Si le troupeau avait été épargné, des moutons, voire un ou plusieurs taureaux à la robe noire brillante, étaient offerts solennellement, en fonction de la richesse locale.
Lorsque c’était possible, un toit de chaume parmi les mieux entretenus était détaché de son support et déplacé par les villageois pour servir d’abri temporaire aux visiteurs. Porté d’une seule pièce, il permettait de créer rapidement un espace de repos improvisé.
La cérémonie d’accueil se prolongeait par un moment d’échanges oratoires. Salutations, formules codifiées et reconnaissance mutuelle rythmaient ce dialogue de bienvenue. En retour, les étrangers présentaient leurs propres présents.
Comment les griots participaient-ils à l’accueil des étrangers ?
L’hospitalité se concluait souvent par une fête communautaire. Comment les griots participaient-ils à l’accueil des étrangers ? Ils accompagnaient les festivités par des chants élogieux et des récits, mettant en valeur l’histoire du village et la grandeur de l’hôte, tandis que tam-tams et danses collectives rythmaient ce moment de cohésion sociale.
Un tam-tam auquel tout le village prend part est organisé en l'honneur des étrangers. Source : Côte occidentale d'Afrique (Fig. en double pp.20-21).
Les manifestations contraires à l’hospitalité
Toutefois, cette hospitalité n’était pas systématique. Certains villages, notamment dans les régions où les populations avaient été confrontées à des abus, des pillages ou des tensions politiques, choisissaient de fuir à l’approche d’étrangers. Dans ces cas, les maisons étaient désertées, les animaux emmenés, et seuls quelques individus étaient laissés sur place, parfois contraints de recevoir les visiteurs avec froideur.
Conclusion
Ainsi, l’hospitalité africaine avant la colonisation était une pratique codifiée, riche en symboles, mais aussi sensible aux contextes politiques et historiques.
Bibliographie
- Henri-Nicolas Frey, Côte occidentale d'Afrique : vues, scènes, croquis ; [... ill. de] Bretegnier, Darondeau, Fernando... Marpon et Flammarion (Paris).
Vidéo YouTube
Pour en savoir plus sur l'hospitalité en Afrique, merci de consulter la page d'accueil consacrée à cette thématique
Menurut pengalaman saya, slot gacor itu biasanya terasa dari awal permainan. Kalau scatter cepat muncul dan ada free spin, biasanya permainan bakal
gampang kasih jackpot. Tapi tetap harus pintar atur modal supaya
nggak cepat habis. Coba disini:
https://e2betportal.com/id/slot-gacor/
Sitio intuitivo con excelente información sobre apuestas.
gratogana
I constantly emailed this webpage post page to all my contacts, because if like to read it then my
friends will too.
Take a look at my web-site – خرید بک لینک
Your style is so unique compared to other people I have read stuff from.
Thank you for posting when you’ve got the opportunity, Guess I’ll
just bookmark this web site.
Hi there, everything is going perfectly here and ofcourse every one is sharing facts, that’s really excellent, keep up writing.
What’s up, I read your new stuff on a regular basis.
Your writing style is witty, keep it up!
Hmm it appears like your blog ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I wrote and say,
I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I as well am an aspiring blog blogger but I’m still new to the whole thing.
Do you have any helpful hints for newbie blog writers?
I’d certainly appreciate it.
Hey there! I’m at work browsing your blog from my new apple iphone!
Just wanted to say I love reading your blog
and look forward to all your posts! Carry on the outstanding work!
3X3 Hold The Spin играть в Покердом
I’m extremely impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your blog.
Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself?
Either way keep up the excellent quality writing, it’s rare to see
a great blog like this one today.
Hi, yup this post is genuinely nice and I have learned
lot of things from it concerning blogging. thanks.
Selamat datang di E2BET Indonesia – Kemenangan Anda, Dibayar Sepenuhnya.
Nikmati bonus menarik, mainkan permainan seru, dan rasakan pengalaman taruhan online yang adil dan nyaman. Daftar sekarang!
https://e2betportal.com/id/
continuously i used to read smaller articles or reviews that also clear their motive, and
that is also happening with this paragraph which I am
reading at this place.
Heya this is kinda of off topic but I was wanting to know if blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with HTML.
I’m starting a blog soon but have no coding skills so I wanted
to get advice from someone with experience.
Any help would be enormously appreciated!
https://may-congress.ru
Howdy! This post couldn’t be written much better!
Looking through this article reminds me of my previous roommate!
He continually kept preaching about this. I will send
this post to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read.
Many thanks for sharing!
Thanks a lot for sharing this with all people you actually
recognize what you’re speaking about! Bookmarked.
Please additionally seek advice from my web site =).
We will have a link alternate arrangement between us
рейтинг онлайн казино
Every weekend i used to pay a visit this site, as i want enjoyment, for the reason that this this website conations actually fastidious funny material too.
I have been exploring for a little for any high-quality articles or weblog
posts in this kind of area . Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately stumbled upon this website.
Reading this info So i am glad to show that I’ve a very excellent uncanny feeling I discovered just what I needed.
I such a lot certainly will make sure to do not overlook this web site and provides
it a glance regularly.
Thanks for sharing your thoughts about PINK SALT TRICK.
Regards
Great blog! Do you have any recommendations for aspiring writers?
I’m hoping to start my own site soon but I’m a little lost on everything.
Would you recommend starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid
option? There are so many choices out there that I’m
completely confused .. Any tips? Thanks a lot!
Hi, I do believe this is an excellent blog.
I stumbledupon it 😉 I may revisit once again since i have book-marked it.
Money and freedom is the best way to change, may you be rich and continue to guide others.
vagudze.ru
Thanks for ones marvelous posting! I certainly enjoyed reading it, you will be a great
author.I will always bookmark your blog and will eventually come back in the foreseeable future.
I want to encourage you to definitely continue
your great job, have a nice morning!
Hello my family member! I wish to say that this post is amazing,
great written and come with almost all significant infos.
I would like to look extra posts like this .
This website was… how do you say it? Relevant!!
Finally I’ve found something that helped me.
Thanks a lot!
I take pleasure in, result in I found exactly what I was having a look for.
You’ve ended my four day lengthy hunt! God Bless you man. Have a
nice day. Bye
I am actually delighted to glance at this weblog posts which consists of
lots of helpful information, thanks for providing
these kinds of information.
I have read so many posts concerning the blogger lovers however this post is really a nice post, keep it up.
Автошкола «Авто-Мобилист»: профессиональное обучение вождению с гарантией результата
Автошкола «Авто-Мобилист» уже много лет успешно готовит водителей категории «B», помогая ученикам не только сдать экзамены в ГИБДД, но и стать
уверенными участниками дорожного движения.
Наша миссия – сделать процесс обучения комфортным,
эффективным и доступным
для каждого.
Преимущества обучения в «Авто-Мобилист»
Комплексная теоретическая подготовка
Занятия проводят опытные преподаватели, которые не просто разбирают правила
дорожного движения, но и учат анализировать дорожные ситуации.
Мы используем современные методики,
интерактивные материалы и регулярно обновляем программу в соответствии с изменениями законодательства.
Практика на автомобилях с МКПП и АКПП
Ученики могут выбрать обучение на механической или автоматической коробке передач.
Наш автопарк состоит из современных,
исправных автомобилей, а инструкторы помогают
освоить не только стандартные экзаменационные маршруты, но и сложные городские условия.
Собственный оборудованный автодром
Перед выездом в город будущие водители отрабатывают
базовые навыки на закрытой площадке: парковку, эстакаду, змейку и другие элементы, необходимые для сдачи экзамена.
Гибкий график занятий
Мы понимаем, что многие совмещают обучение с работой или
учебой, поэтому предлагаем утренние, дневные и
вечерние группы, а также индивидуальный график вождения.
Подготовка к экзамену в ГИБДД
Наши специалисты подробно разбирают
типичные ошибки на теоретическом тестировании и практическом
экзамене, проводят пробные тестирования и дают
рекомендации по успешной сдаче.
Почему выбирают нас?
Опытные преподаватели и инструкторы с многолетним стажем.
Доступные цены и возможность оплаты в рассрочку.
Высокий процент сдачи с первого раза благодаря тщательной подготовке.
Поддержка после обучения – консультации по вопросам вождения и ПДД.
Автошкола «Авто-Мобилист» – это не
просто курсы вождения, а надежный старт для безопасного и
уверенного управления автомобилем.
It’s a pity you don’t have a donate button! I’d without a doubt donate to this outstanding blog!
I guess for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and adding your RSS feed to my Google account.
I look forward to brand new updates and will share this blog with my Facebook group.
Talk soon!
I was suggested this website by way of my cousin. I am now not sure whether this
publish is written by means of him as no one else understand such special approximately my difficulty.
You are incredible! Thanks!
I was able to find good info from your content.
Prostavive has been getting a lot of attention lately, and I
can see why. Many users say it helps support prostate health, reduce frequent bathroom trips, and
improve overall comfort, especially at night.
The fact that it uses natural ingredients is a big plus,
though like any supplement, results may vary from person to person. It seems
like a good option for men looking for extra support in this area.
whoah this blog is magnificent i like reading your articles.
Keep up the good work! You already know, a lot of persons are hunting around for this info, you could
help them greatly.
Казино X
Hello there I am so delighted I found your blog, I really found you by error, while I was browsing on Aol for something else, Anyways I am here
now and would just like to say thank you for a marvelous post and a all round entertaining blog (I also
love the theme/design), I don’t have time to read it all at the minute but I
have bookmarked it and also added your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read much more, Please do keep up the superb work.
I am really impressed with your writing talents as well as with the structure for your
weblog. Is this a paid subject matter or
did you modify it your self? Anyway stay up the nice high quality writing, it is rare to look a
nice weblog like this one today..
3 Lucky Hippos Game
This website was… how do I say it? Relevant!!
Finally I’ve found something which helped me. Thanks a lot!
Greate pieces. Keep posting such kind of information on your site.
Im really impressed by it.
Hi there, You’ve performed an incredible job.
I’ll certainly digg it and personally suggest to my friends.
I’m sure they will be benefited from this website.
топ 10 взломанных игр на android — это
удивительная возможность получить новые возможности.
Особенно если вы играете на мобильном устройстве с Android,
модификации открывают перед
вами новые возможности. Я часто использую модифицированные версии игр, чтобы получать неограниченные ресурсы.
Моды для игр дают невероятную свободу в игре, что погружение в игру гораздо интереснее.
Играя с твиками, я могу
повысить уровень сложности, что добавляет приключенческий
процесс и делает игру более непредсказуемой.
Это действительно невероятно, как такие изменения
могут улучшить игровой процесс, а при этом сохраняя использовать такие модифицированные приложения можно без особых опасностей, если быть внимательным и следить за обновлениями.
Это делает каждый игровой процесс более насыщенным, а возможности практически широкие.
Обязательно попробуйте попробовать такие модифицированные
версии для Android — это может открыть
новые горизонты
Valuable info. Lucky me I found your website accidentally, and I am surprised why this
twist of fate did not came about earlier! I bookmarked it.
There’s definately a great deal to find out about this subject.
I like all of the points you have made.
This post is in fact a nice one it helps new the web users,
who are wishing in favor of blogging.
Its like you read my mind! You seem to know so much about this, like you wrote the book in it or something.
I think that you can do with a few pics to drive the message home a bit, but instead of that, this is wonderful blog.
An excellent read. I will certainly be back.
You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I to
find this matter to be really something which I believe I might never understand.
It seems too complex and extremely extensive for me. I
am taking a look forward in your subsequent submit,
I will try to get the hang of it!
30В Coins online Turkey
I was very pleased to uncover this web site. I wanted to thank you for ones
time just for this wonderful read!! I definitely really liked every little bit of it and i also have you
bookmarked to check out new information in your web site.